Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induced Protein-8 Like-2 as a Biomarker of Parkinson's Disease

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Also, PD patients with cognitive impairment had significantly higher levels of TIPE2 (P-value= 0.039).
TIPE2 level was positively correlated with score of modified HY staging (p-value o.oo1).Also,TIPE2 level was positively correlated with bradykinesia, total motor sub scores of UPDRS and total score of UPDRS (p-value 0.009, 0.019, 0.027 respectively).There was a significant negative correlation between TIPE2 and the scores of executives and visuospatial functions, attention, abstraction and total score of MoCA.Conclusions: TIPE2 serum levels in PD patients are higher than its serum level in healthy controls.Such high level of TIPE2 has a considerable impact on disease severity.

Results:
A Background and Aim: Neuroinflammation plays an early and prominent role in the pathology of Parkinson disease.Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2) is a relatively new subtype of tumor necrosis factor which may play a role in pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.Our aim was to evaluate the role of serum level of TIPE2 as a risk factor for Parkinson disease and as a serological biomarker of disease severity.Methods: Forty-seven patients diagnosed as idiopathic PD according to diagnostic criteria of the UK Parkinson Disease Society Brain Bank, and 47 healthy individuals were enrolled.All patients were on medical treatment of PD and were evaluated by Unified https://ejmr.journals.ekb.eg/Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging scale(HY).Cognitive function was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA).TIPE2 serum level was measured in all participants.Results: PD patients had significantly higher levels of TIPE2 (P-value <0.001).
PD is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, presents with heterogeneous symptomatology that includes motor and non-motor symptoms.Its pathogenesis involves different molecular pathways, involving Lewy bodies (LBs) and early loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and subsequent deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia (BG).[1]The PD pathology starts 20 years earlier than motor manifestation.While nigrostriatal degeneration can be detected 5-10 years before symptomatology, using different imaging and pathology techniques of investigations.[2]In the late stage of PD, the impact of cognitive impairment is particularly relevant.

2. Patients and Methods:
The inflammatory biomarkers detected by imaging techniques or by sample analysis https://ejmr.journals.ekb.eg/ Evaluation and staging of PD using:  Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: to evaluate the overall stage of PD regarding clinical characteristics and functional impairment.[7] Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used as a rating scale for assessment of PD patients enrolled in our study (on https://ejmr.journals.ekb.eg/screening test.[9] This test is sensitive to MCI and can predict future cognitive decline in a variety of cognitively impaired states, including Alzheimer's disease, and its process time is 1o-15 minutes with a cut off value < 26.Both patients and control groups were subjected to evaluation of Serum levels of Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2) by enzymelinked immune-sorbent assays (ELISA) using by commercially available ELISA kit (My Biosource, USA) regarding to manufacturer's guidelines and past studies.[10]The serum was separated then the samples were stored frozen at −80°C freezer until use for measuring TIPE2.The kit uses a double-antibody sandwich ELISA to assay the level of Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2) level in samples.

Table 1 : Clinical and Cognitive assessment scales of PD patients.
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