Acquired Adult Flat Foot Deformity Systematic Review

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Orthopedic Surgery department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Seuf University, Egypt

2 Orthopedic Surgery department, Beni-Suef General Hospital, Egypt

Abstract

The goal of this systematic review was to to assess outcomes in individuals with AAFD (focusing on stage II). Three databases were searched for terms referring to the PTTD and AAFD up to and including 31 July 2018. Studies were eligible if they were published in English language and contained data on outcomes of stage II Management. Thirty-two eligible studies were included in this review. The sample size of the treatment trials ranged from 12 to 129 patients, with only two trials having more than 100 participants. The age ranges were wide. Pain, adverse effects, function or disability indices of foot, patients’ satisfaction, radiographic parameters, alignment and improvement of foot function, and quality of life were the searched outcomes. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, data were not pooled into meta-analysis. The evidence from the selected studies is currently too limited about each procedure compared to its counterpart to draw definitive conclusions about the use of each intervention for AAFD. Future high quality comparative studies are warranted in this field. Only limited interventions commonly used in practice have been studied and there is much debate over the treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic adult pes planus.

Keywords


1. Bajaj, Sunil Kumar, Manjunath Koti, and Amit Patel. "The Foot." Orthopedics of the Upper and Lower Limb. Springer, Cham, 2020. 677-714.‏
2. Pereira, Hélder, et al. "Tibialis Posterior and Anterior Tendons." Muscle and Tendon Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2017. 355-372.‏
3. Arvinius, Camilla, et al. "A mid-term follow-up of Koutsogiannis’ osteotomy in adult-acquired flatfoot stage II and “early stage III”." Sicot-j 3 (2017).‏
4. Crevoisier, Xavier, Mathieu Assal, and Katarina Stanekova. "Hallux valgus, ankle osteoarthrosis and adult acquired flatfoot deformity: a review of three common foot and ankle pathologies and their treatments." EFORT open reviews 1.3 (2016): 58-64.‏
5. Flores, Dyan V., et al. "Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: Anatomy, biomechanics, staging, and imaging findings." RadioGraphics 39.5 (2019): 1437-1460.‏
6. Wacker, Juergen, et al. "MR morphometry of posterior tibialis muscle in adult acquired flat foot." Foot & ankle international 24.4 (2003): 354-357.‏
7. Myerson, Mark. Adult acquired flat foot deformity. WB Saunders, 2003.‏
8. Guyton, Gregory P., et al. "Flexor digitorum longus transfer and medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a middle-term clinical follow-up." Foot & Ankle International 22.8 (2001): 627-632.‏
9. Myerson, Mark S., Athanasios Badekas, and Lew C. Schon. "Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy." Foot & ankle international 25.7 (2004): 445-450.‏
10. Wacker, J. T., M. S. Hennessy, and T. S. Saxby. "Calcaneal osteotomy and transfer of the tendon of flexor digitorum longus for stage-II dysfunction of tibialis posterior: three-to five-year results." The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 84.1 (2002): 54-58.‏
11. Fayazi, Amir H., Hoan-Vu Nguyen, and Paul J. Juliano. "Intermediate term follow-up of calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer for treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction." Foot & ankle international 23.12 (2002): 1107-1111.‏
12. Niki, Hisateru, et al. "Outcome of medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy for correction of adult-acquired flatfoot." Foot & ankle international 33.11 (2012): 940-946.‏
13. Rosenfeld, Peter F., Jonathan Dick, and Terence S. Saxby. "The response of the flexor digitorum longus and posterior tibial muscles to tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction." Foot & ankle international 26.9 (2005): 671-674.‏
14. Sammarco, G. James, and R. Todd Hockenbury. "Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with flexor hallucis longus transfer and medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy." Foot & ankle international 22.4 (2001): 305-312.‏
15. Moseir-LaClair, Susan, Gregory Pomeroy, and Arthur Manoli. "Intermediate follow-up on the double osteotomy and tendon transfer procedure for stage II posterior tibial tendon insufficiency." Foot & ankle international 22.4 (2001): 283-291.‏
16.  Pomeroy, Gregory C., and Arthur Manoli. "A new operative approach for flatfoot secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: a preliminary report." Foot & ankle international 18.4 (1997): 206-212.‏
17. Ellis, Scott J., et al. "Incidence of plantar lateral foot pain before and after the use of trial metal wedges in lateral column lengthening." Foot & ankle international 32.7 (2011): 665-673.‏
18. Conti, Stephen F., and Yue Shuen Wong. "Osteolysis of structural autograft after calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction." Foot & ankle international 23.6 (2002): 521-529.‏
19. Haeseker, Guus A., Marc A. Mureau, and Frank WM Faber. "Lateral column lengthening for acquired adult flatfoot deformity caused by posterior tibial tendon dysfunction stage II: a retrospective comparison of calcaneus osteotomy with calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis." The Journal of foot and ankle surgery 49.4 (2010): 380-384.‏
20. Chi, Thomas D., et al. "The lateral column lengthening and medial column stabilization procedures." Clinical orthopaedics and related research 365 (1999): 81-90.‏
21. Bolt, Patrick M., Samuel Coy, and Brian C. Toolan. "A comparison of lateral column lengthening and medial translational osteotomy of the calcaneus for the reconstruction of adult acquired flatfoot." Foot & ankle international 28.11 (2007): 1115-1123.‏
22. Hecht, Brian P., et al. "The use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) to promote spinal fusion in a nonhuman primate anterior interbody fusion model." Spine 24.7 (1999): 629-636.‏
23. Chan, Jeremy Y., et al. "The contribution of medializing calcaneal osteotomy on hindfoot alignment in the reconstruction of the stage II adult acquired flatfoot deformity." Foot & Ankle International 34.2 (2013): 159-166.‏
24. Viladot, Ramón, et al. "Subtalar arthroereisis for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a preliminary report." Foot & ankle international 24.8 (2003): 600-606.‏
25. Williams, Benjamin R., et al. "Reconstruction of the spring ligament using a peroneus longus autograft tendon transfer." Foot & ankle international 31.7 (2010): 567-577.‏
26. Needleman, Richard L. "A surgical approach for flexible flatfeet in adults including a subtalar arthroereisis with the MBA sinus tarsi implant." Foot & ankle international 27.1 (2006): 9-18.‏
27. Knupp, Markus, and Beat Hintermann. "The Cobb procedure for treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity associated with stage II insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon." Foot & ankle international 28.4 (2007): 416-421.‏
28.  Zhu, Yuan, and Xiang-yang Xu. "Treatment of stage II adult acquired flatfoot deformity with subtalar arthroereises." Foot & Ankle Specialist 8.3 (2015): 194-202.‏
29. Lin, Johnny L., John Balbas, and E. Greer Richardson. "Results of non-surgical treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a 7-to 10-year followup." Foot & ankle international 29.8 (2008): 781-786.‏
30. Maker, Jared M., and James M. Cottom. "Surgical management of stage 2 adult acquired flatfoot." Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 31.3 (2014): 381-389.‏
31. DuMontier, Timothy A., et al. "Calcaneal lengthening: investigation of deformity correction in a cadaver flatfoot model." Foot & ankle international 26.2 (2005): 166-170.‏
32. Lee, Michael S., et al. "Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot." The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 44.2 (2005): 78-113.‏